LoudHospital

Switzerland, Vegetation

2005-04-05T16:08:00.000-07:00

The vegetation is derived from that of the four European climatic regions converging in Switzerland and has been influenced by the varied relief. It includes the beeches and oaks of the maritime west; hornbeam and larch trees in the more continental east, predominantly in the Engadin and the dry Valais; extensive spruce forests in the northern subalpine region;

Lancaster

2005-04-05T13:08:00.000-07:00

County, southeastern Pennsylvania, U.S., consisting of a hilly piedmont region bounded by the Susquehanna River to the west, Conewago Creek to the northwest, and Octoraro Creek to the southeast. Impoundments of the Susquehanna River form Lakes Clarke and Aldred and Conowingo Reservoir. Susquehannock State Park is located near Muddy Run Reservoir. Other waterways

Ta-li

2005-04-04T02:51:00.000-07:00

Major Canadian professional gridiron football organization, formed in 1956 as the Canadian Football Council, created by the Western Interprovincial Football Union (WIFU) and the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union (IRFU). Though the IRFU still referred to their sport as rugby football, the member clubs played a gridiron style of football. The WIFU and IRFU became,

Turner, Frederick Jackson

2005-04-03T21:04:00.000-07:00

American historian best known for the “frontier thesis.” The single most influential interpretation of the American past, it proposed that the distinctiveness of the United States was attributable to its long history of “westering.” Despite the fame of this monocausal interpretation, as the teacher and mentor of dozens of

Chandernagore

2005-04-02T18:06:00.000-08:00

Also called Chandannagar city, southeastern West Bengal state, northeastern India, just west of the Hooghly River and part of the Calcutta urban agglomeration. It is connected by road and rail with Calcutta and Burdwan. Settled in 1673 by the French and expanded commercially, it was captured by the English in 1757 and again in 1794 but was restored to France in 1815. Following the 1949 plebiscite, it merged with India.

Shenute

2005-04-01T03:22:00.000-08:00

Shenute entered monastic life as a youth and succeeded his uncle as abbot of the White Monastery in 383. He revived the rule of Pachomius, the 4th-century founder of cenobitic,

Augsburg, Peace Of

2005-03-31T18:37:00.000-08:00

The emperor Charles V's provisional ruling on the religious question, the Augsburg Interim of 1548, had been overthrown in 1552 by the revolt of the Protestant elector Maurice of Saxony

Saint Albans, Henry Jermyn, Earl Of, 1st Baron Jermyn Of Saint Edmundsbury

2005-03-31T13:47:00.000-08:00

He entered Parliament in 1625. In Henrietta Maria's household he was made vice chamberlain (1628), master of horse (1639), and lord chamberlain (1645), and he was raised to the peerage in 1643. He was implicated in the army plot of 1641, in

Nicephorus Iii Botaneiates

2005-03-30T23:07:00.000-08:00

Nicephorus, who belonged to the military aristocracy of Asia Minor and who was related to the powerful Phocas family, became commander of the Anatolian theme (administrative district). When discontent against the government of

Spanish Language

2005-03-30T11:01:00.000-08:00

Spanish is also known (particularly in Latin America) as Castilian, after the dialect from which modern standard Spanish developed.

Accentual-syllabic Verse

2005-03-29T09:29:00.000-08:00

In prosody, the metrical system that is most commonly used in English poetry. It is based on both the number of stresses, or accents, and the number of syllables in each line of verse. A line of iambic pentameter verse, for example, consists of five feet, each of which is an iamb (an unstressed followed by a stressed syllable). Although accentual-syllabic verse is very strictly

Man-chou-li

2005-03-28T17:26:00.000-08:00

Pinyin Manzhouli, formerly (1910–49) Lupin, city in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, China. It is situated on the border opposite the Russian town of Zabaykalsk and lies 100 miles (160 km) west of Hailar and 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Lake Hu-lun. Man-chou-li was long a small Mongolian settlement in the Hu-lun-pei-erh League. It developed after 1900 when it became the western terminus of the Russian-built Chinese Eastern Railway

Wright, Warren

2005-03-28T09:09:00.000-08:00

Wright was educated in public schools and in business college and, starting in 1890, worked for more than 25 years in the firm that his father had founded, the Calumet Baking Powder Company in Chicago. He succeeded to its presidency

China, The history of the Chou (1111255 BC)

2005-03-28T05:50:00.000-08:00

The origin of the Chou royal house is lost in the mists of time. Although the traditional historical system of the Chinese contains a Chou genealogy, no dates can be assigned to the ancestors. The first ancestor was Hou Chi, literally translated as “Lord of Millet.” He appears to have been a cultural hero and agricultural deity rather than a tribal chief. The earliest plausible

Theatre, Western, Commedia dell'arte

2005-03-26T21:13:00.000-08:00

Around the mid-16th century, there emerged in Italy a lively tradition of popular theatre that fused many disparate elements into a vigorous style, which profoundly influenced the development of European theatre. This was the legendary commedia dell'arte (“theatre of the professionals”), a nonliterary tradition that centred on the actor, as distinguished from the

Gabon

2005-03-26T19:53:00.000-08:00

Officially Gabonese Republic, French Gabon, or République Gabonaise, country lying on the west coast of Africa, astride the Equator, with a total area estimated at 103,347 square miles (267,667 square kilometres). It is bordered by Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west; the island state of São Tomé and Príncipe is situated off the coast. Gabon's capital is Libreville.

Bolívar, Simón

2005-03-26T14:01:00.000-08:00

The territory of Gran Colombia, comprising what is now Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador, had now been completely recovered from Spain and its new government recognized by the United States. Only Peru remained in the hands of the Spaniards. It was the Peruvian problem that brought Bolívar and the Argentinian revolutionary José de San Martín together. San Martín had

Permafrost, Active wedges, inactive wedges, and ice-wedge casts

2005-03-24T09:20:00.000-08:00

Ice wedges may be classified as active, inactive, and ice-wedge casts. Active ice wedges are those that are actively growing. The wedge may not crack every year, but during many or most years cracking does occur, and an increment of ice is added. Ice wedges require a much more rigorous climate to grow than does permafrost. The permafrost table must be chilled to -15° to -20° C (5° to -4° F) for

Rakshasa

2005-03-23T18:59:00.000-08:00

Sanskrit (male) Raksasa , or (female) Raksasi in Hindu mythology, a type of demon or goblin. Rakshasas have the power to change their shape at will and appear as animals, as monsters, or in the case of the female demons, as beautiful women. They are most powerful in the evening, particularly during the dark period of the new moon, but they are dispelled by the rising sun. They especially detest sacrifices and prayer. Most

Gurung

2005-03-23T02:43:00.000-08:00

People of Nepal living mainly on the southern flank of the Annapurna mountain massif. Their numbers are estimated at about 200,000. The Gurung speak a language of the Tibeto-Burman family. Many are Lamaist Buddhists in religion, while others have adopted Hinduism. They make their living in agriculture and livestock raising. Along with the Magar, Rai, and other Nepalese ethnic

Internationale, L'

2005-03-23T02:00:00.000-08:00

About 1871 a Parisian transport worker, Eugène Pottier, wrote the words (as a poem), which begin, “Debout, les damnés de la terre” (“Arise, the wretched of the earth”) and acclaim, “Nous n'étions rien—donc, soyons tout!” (“We were

Meinong, Alexius

2005-03-22T20:51:00.000-08:00

After studying under the philosophical psychologist Franz Brentano from 1875 to 1878 in Vienna, he joined the faculty of philosophy at the

Pietro Da Cortona,

2005-03-22T05:07:00.000-08:00

Pietro studied in Rome from about 1612 under the minor Florentine painters Andrea Commodi and Baccio Ciarpi and was influenced by antique sculpture and the work of Raphael. The most important of his earliest paintings were three frescoes

Gtor-ma

2005-03-22T04:52:00.000-08:00

Sacrificial cakes used in Tibetan Buddhist ceremonies as offerings to deities. The unbaked cakes are prepared by kneading parched barley flour and butter into the shapes of cones, decorated with pats of butter. The cakes form part of the phyi-mchod, or eight offerings of external worship, as well as part of the offerings of the five senses, which are considered internal

Chiapas Highlands

2005-03-22T02:02:00.000-08:00

High-altitude region of dissected plateaus enclosing a central valley (Valle Central de Chiapas) in Chiapas state, southeastern Mexico. The highlands constitute the northwestern end of a mountainous region extending northward from the lowlands of Nicaragua to the Isthmus of Tehauntepec and are composed of three main features running parallel to the Pacific

Rowan, Andrew Summers

2005-03-20T13:39:00.000-08:00

Rowan graduated from West Point in 1881. In 1898, at the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, he was sent to the rebel Cuban leader General Calixto Garcia y Íñiguez to determine the strength of the insurgent armies and obtain their cooperation. After completing his mission

Mountain

2005-03-20T11:52:00.000-08:00

Detailed introductions to the European Alps are E.R. Oxburgh, The Geology of the Eastern Alps (1968), concentrating on Austria; and R. Trümpy, An Outline of the Geology of Switzerland, vol. 1 of Geology of Switzerland: A Guide-Book, ed. by the Schweizerische Geologische Kommission (1980). Introductory articles on other mountain belts of the world are found in Scientific American, including the following: Don L. Anderson, “The San Andreas Fault,” 225(5):52–68 (November 1971); Peter Molnar and Paul Tapponnier, “The Collision Between India and Eurasia,” 236(4):30–41 (April 1977), describing the evolution of mountain belts in eastern Asia; and David L. Jones et al., “The Growth of Western North America,” 247(5):70–84 (November 1982), describing the accretion of exotic terrains to that area. Two useful articles in Geological Society of America Bulletin are Tanya Atwater, “Implications of Plate Tectonics for the Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of Western North America,” 81(12):3513–35 (December 1970), a classic article that changed the way geologists view that region; and John F. Deway et al., “Plate Tectonics and the Evolution of the Alpine System,” 84(10)3137–80 (October 1973), a summary of motions of lithospheric plates and mountain building in the Mediterranean area. See also Peter Molnar, “The Geologic History and Structure of the Himalaya,” American Scientist, 74(2):144–154 (March-April 1986), describing how the structure of the Himalayas allows the chain to achieve its great height.

Typology

2005-03-20T11:01:00.000-08:00

System of groupings (such as “landed gentry” or “rain forests”), usually called types, the members of which are identified by postulating specified attributes that are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive—groupings set up to aid demonstration or inquiry by establishing a limited relationship among phenomena. A type may represent one kind of attribute

Jackson

2005-03-20T00:05:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1832) of Jackson county, south-central Michigan, U.S. It lies along the Grand River, 73 miles (117 km) west of Detroit. Settled in 1829 at the meeting point of several Indian trails, it was named for President Andrew Jackson and was known successively as Jacksonburgh, Jacksonopolis, and finally Jackson in 1833. The Republican Party held its first convention on July 6, 1854, in Jackson. The city

Aquinas, Thomas, Saint

2005-03-18T22:17:00.000-08:00

At Easter time in 1272, Thomas returned to Italy to establish a Dominican house of studies at the University of Naples. This move was undoubtedly made in answer to a request made by King Charles of Anjou, who was anxious to revive the university. After participating in a general chapter, or meeting, of the Dominicans held in Florence during Pentecost week and, having settled

Wolfe, James

2005-03-18T17:41:00.000-08:00

The elder son of Lieutenant General Edward Wolfe, he was commissioned in the Royal Marines in 1741 but transferred almost immediately to the 12th Foot. Wolfe was on active service continuously until

Moral Theology

2005-03-17T22:34:00.000-08:00

Also called Christian ethics Christian theological discipline concerned with identifying and elucidating the principles that determine the quality of human behaviour in the light of Christian revelation. It is distinguished from the philosophical discipline of ethics, which relies upon the authority of reason and which can only call upon rational sanctions for moral failure. Moral

Todos Os Santos Bay

2005-03-17T16:04:00.000-08:00

Also called All Saints Bay, Portuguese Baía De Todos Os Santos, sheltered bay of the Atlantic Ocean, eastern coast of Brazil. A natural harbour, it is 25 miles (40 km) long and 20 miles (32 km) wide. Salvador, the principal seaport and capital of Bahia state, is on the peninsula that separates the bay from the Atlantic. Todos os Santos Bay receives the Paraguaçu River and is surrounded by the Recôncavo, a fertile coastal lowland. Its main channel is

Potresov, Aleksandr Nikolayevich

2005-03-16T18:25:00.000-08:00

Potresov, the son of a general, joined the Marxists in the early 1890s and was briefly exiled in 1898. In 1900 he helped V.I. Lenin found the newspaper Iskra, which was intended to unite

Bloch, Robert Albert

2005-03-16T17:20:00.000-08:00

U.S. writer (b. April 5, 1917, Chicago, Ill.--d. Sept. 23, 1994, Los Angeles, Calif.), crafted dozens of screenplays, mysteries, fantasies, and essays but was best remembered for his spine-tingling psychological tales of horror and suspense, most notably the classic Psycho (1959), a cult favourite that was adapted for Alfred Hitchcock's 1960 film of the same title. Bloch, who relied on elements of surprise rather

Eagle Owl

2005-03-16T07:29:00.000-08:00

(Bubo bubo), bird of the family Strigidae (order Strigiformes), characterized by its large size (often 70 centimetres [about 2.3 feet] long), two tufts of feathers on the head (ear tufts), and large orange eyes. The overall coloration is tawny, mottled with brown, lighter below. The eagle owl roosts and breeds within rocky niches and hollow trees. At twilight it perches on a branch while

Tibet, Agriculture and forestry

2005-03-15T05:01:00.000-08:00

The staple crops are barley, wheat, and pulses; other important crops include millet, buckwheat, rgya-bra (a grain similar to buckwheat), beans, hemp, and mustard. Butter from the yak (large, long-haired ox) or the mdzo-mo (a crossbreed of the yak and the cow) is the main dairy product. The diet is supplemented by a variety of garden vegetables. Some rice is raised in the southeast.

Resonance

2005-03-13T17:58:00.000-08:00

In particle physics, an extremely short-lived phenomenon associated with subatomic particles called hadrons that decay via the strong nuclear force. This force is so powerful that it allows resonances to exist only for the amount of time it takes light to cross each such “object.” A resonance occurs when the net energy of the colliding subatomic particles is just

Aliphatic Compound

2005-03-13T14:02:00.000-08:00

Any chemical compound belonging to the organic class in which the atoms are not linked together to form a ring. One of the major structural groups of organic molecules, the aliphatic compounds include the alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, and substances derived from them—actually or in principle—by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms by atoms of other elements or groups

Mabillon, Jean

2005-03-13T07:00:00.000-08:00

T. Ruinart, Abrégé de la vie de D.J.M. (1709), reprinted in 1933 as Mabillon; Henri Leclercq, Life, 2 vol. (1953–57); J.U. Bergkamp, Dom Jean Mabillon and the Benedictine Historical School of Saint-Maur (1928).

Biblical Literature, The succession of Solomon to the throne

2005-03-13T00:55:00.000-08:00

I Kings (chapters 1 and 2) continues the story of David and the struggle for the succession of his throne. The sides were drawn between Adonijah, David's eldest living son, and Solomon, the son of David and Bathsheba. Supporting Adonijah were the “old guard”—the general Joab and the priest Abiathar—and supporting Solomon were the priest Zadok, the prophet Nathan, and the captain

France, History Of, Foreign policy and financial crisis

2005-03-12T23:05:00.000-08:00

The monarchy's international performance from 1715 to 1783 was basically creditable. From the time of the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14), when France had been invaded and nearly beaten, French statesmen pursued a double goal—the preservation of the balance of power in Europe, and, in the world at large, the expansion of the French colonial empire and the containment of England.

Mason, Daniel Gregory

2005-03-12T16:54:00.000-08:00

Mason was the grandson of the music publisher and educator Lowell Mason and the son of Henry Mason, a founder of the Mason & Hamlin Co. piano firm. He studied with John K. Paine at Harvard and with Vincent d'Indy in Paris. From 1910 to 1942 he taught at Columbia University. His music

Atlantic Charter

2005-03-12T02:18:00.000-08:00

A propaganda manifesto of common aims, the charter stated that (1) neither nation sought any aggrandizement; (2) they desired

Viedma

2005-03-11T18:43:00.000-08:00

City, capital of Río Negro provincia, south-central Argentina. It lies along the western bank of the Negro River 20 miles (32 km) from the river's mouth at the Atlantic Ocean, opposite Carmen de Patagones in Buenos Aires province. A fort called Mercedes de Patagones, built there in 1779 by the explorer Francisco de Viedma, was the capital of the Patagonian territory until the Río

Schaeffer, Claude-frédéric-armand

2005-03-10T22:53:00.000-08:00

Schaeffer

Tábor

2005-03-10T00:23:00.000-08:00

City, Jihoceský kraj (region), Czech Republic. It lies along a bend in the Luznice River 50 miles (80 km) south of Prague. Founded in 1420 by Jan Zizka and other followers of the Bohemian religious reformer Jan Hus, Tábor became the radical centre of the more militant members of the movement, known as the Taborites. These people fostered the national spirit and the preservation of the Czech

Gundulic, Ivan (franov)

2005-03-09T07:05:00.000-08:00

A prolific writer, Gundulic also occupied various governmental positions in the Dubrovnik

Kagu

2005-03-09T06:29:00.000-08:00

(Rhynochetus jubatus), nearly extinct and virtually flightless bird of New Caledonia, sole member of the family Rhynochetidae (order Gruiformes). About 55 cm (22 inches) long, it is a chunky bird with loose, gray plumage, including an erectile crest. The bill, legs, and eyes are reddish orange. In courtship the kagu dances with wings spread to show attractive

Yoccoz, Jean-christophe

2005-03-08T20:53:00.000-08:00

Yoccoz was awarded the Fields Medal at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Zürich,

Permafrost, Active wedges, inactive wedges, and ice-wedge casts

2005-03-08T01:18:00.000-08:00

Bess Beetle

2005-03-07T21:50:00.000-08:00

Also called Bess-bug, Betsy Bug, or Horned Passalus Beetle (family Passalidae), any of approximately 800 species of insects found mainly in the tropics but also in North America (e.g., Passalus cornutus) and characterized by their large size, ranging between 30 and 40 mm (1.2 and 1.6 inches) in length. Because of their shiny black wing covers (elytra), they are sometimes called patent-leather beetles. They are rather flat and

Sawhaj

2005-03-07T17:49:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Sohag, or Suhag, town and capital of Sawhaj muhafazah (governorate) in the Nile River valley of Upper Egypt. The town is located on the Nile's western bank between Asyut and Jirja, immediately across from Akhmim on the eastern bank. It has cotton-ginning, textile-weaving, and food-processing factories. Automobile parts are distributed, and it is a centre for vehicle repair. The Sawhaj Institute

Peter I

2005-03-05T17:34:00.000-08:00

Married by his cousin King Philip II Augustus of France to Alix, heiress to Brittany, Peter did homage for the province in 1213 and assumed the title of duke, though he was considered merely a count

Neustadt An Der Weinstrasse

2005-03-05T16:09:00.000-08:00

Formerly Neustadt An Der Haardt, city, Rhineland-Palatinate Land (state), southwestern Germany. It lies on the eastern slope of the Haardt Mountains, at the mouth of the Speyer-Bach. Founded in 1220 and chartered in 1275, its historic buildings include the Casimirianum (the seat of Heidelberg University, 1578–83, now a convention hall), the town hall (formerly a Jesuit college), and the Stiftskirche (“Collegiate Church”), which

Protestantism, Germany

2005-03-05T10:39:00.000-08:00

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, a reaction against the Enlightenment occurred in Germany. In philosophy, literature, and music it found expression in German Idealism and Romanticism. Indeed, a number of religious thinkers sought to point out the banality of the Enlightenment and to preserve and awaken genuine Christianity. Among these was Johann Georg

Cloud Rat

2005-03-04T06:16:00.000-08:00

Also called cloudrunner any of six species of slow-moving, nocturnal, tree-dwelling rodents found only in Philippine forests. Giant cloud rats belong to the genus Phloeomys (two species), whereas bushy-tailed cloud rats are classified in the genus Crateromys (four species).

Sosa, Sammy

2005-03-04T04:25:00.000-08:00

As a child, Sosa worked at a number of jobs, including shining shoes, to help support his family following his father's death. At the age

Neustadt An Der Weinstrasse

2005-03-03T21:48:00.000-08:00

Third largest trade-union federation in India after the All-India Trade Union Congress and the Indian National Trade Union Congress. The HMS was formed by the Socialists in 1948 but has little real connection with the Socialist Party. It is one of the least political and most pragmatic trade-union federations in India. The HMS is affiliated with the International Confederation

Cinna, Gaius Helvius

2005-03-03T14:17:00.000-08:00

Roman poet who wrote a mythological epic poem Smyrna. He was a friend of the poet Catullus. The early Christian-era historians Suetonius, Valerius Maximus, Appian, and Dio Cassius all state that at Caesar's funeral (44 BC) a certain Helvius Cinna was killed by mistake for Cornelius Cinna, the conspirator. The last three writers identify him as a tribune of the people,

Kuba

2005-03-02T21:27:00.000-08:00

In the 19th century,

Zingarelli, Nicola Antonio

2005-03-02T00:38:00.000-08:00

Zingarelli studied at the conservatory at Loreto and earned his living in his youth as a violinist. His first opera, Montesuma, was successfully produced at the San Carlo Theatre in Naples in 1781. Alsinda, given at La Scala, Milan, in 1785, was the

Babism

2005-03-01T16:50:00.000-08:00

Religion that developed in Iran around Mirza 'Ali Mohammad's claim to be a bab (Arabic: “gateway”), or divine intermediary, in 1844. See Bab, the.

Arts, Central Asian, Social role of music

2005-03-01T13:33:00.000-08:00

Three basic functions of music are common throughout most of the region: music as ritual, with magical connotations (shamanism); music as tribal record, aiding group solidarity (epic recitation); and music as entertainment (itinerant performers, festivals). Music is the medium of the shaman, or priest-medicine man, as he performs his role as mediator between the seen, or

Theft

2005-02-28T16:35:00.000-08:00

Larceny is the trespassory taking and carrying away of personal goods from the possession of another with intent to steal. There must be a trespassory taking; that is, the goods must be taken from the possession of

Swarthmore

2005-02-28T02:36:00.000-08:00

Borough (town), Delaware county, southeastern Pennsylvania, U.S. It is a southwestern suburb of Philadelphia. The community developed around Swarthmore College, which was founded in 1864. The borough is mainly residential, its economy based on services associated with the college. Inc. 1893. Pop. (1990) 6,157; (2000) 6,170.

Mclachlan, Alexander

2005-02-27T17:36:00.000-08:00

Scottish-born poet, called by some the Burns of Canada for his Scots dialect poetry, much of which deals with the homesickness of Scots immigrants. McLachlan was the foremost among a number of such Scottish bards, whose themes of nostalgia for Scotland appear to be literary conventions rather than original

Palate

2005-02-27T08:00:00.000-08:00

The hard palate, which composes two-thirds of the total palate area, is a plate of bone covered by a moist,

Ciné-club

2005-02-26T13:43:00.000-08:00

Enthusiasts formed the first ciné-clubs in England in the mid-1920s to discuss

Lévi, Sylvain

2005-02-25T22:49:00.000-08:00

Appointed a lecturer at the school of higher studies in Paris (1886), he taught Sanskrit at the Sorbonne (1889–94) and wrote his doctoral dissertation, Le Théâtre indien (1890; “The Indian Theatre”), which became a standard treatise on

Fish Poisoning

2005-02-25T14:26:00.000-08:00

Ciguatera poisoning is one of the most common forms of fish poisoning in the Caribbean. It is caused by fishes that in other parts of the world constitute food items (e.g., sea bass, snapper). The conditions under which these fishes become toxic in the Caribbean waters are not clear. Symptoms,

France, History Of, Recovery and reunification, 142983

2005-02-25T08:11:00.000-08:00

The coronation of Charles VII was the last pivotal event of the Hundred Years' War. From Reims the king's army moved on triumphantly, winning capitulations from Laon, Soissons, and many lesser places and even threatening Paris before disbanding. The popular devotion to monarchy that had produced Joan was undermining English positions almost everywhere in France;

Bearden, Romare (howard)

2005-02-23T21:09:00.000-08:00

Bearden studied at the Art Students League in New York City with George Grosz (1936–37) and at Columbia University (1943). His early paintings were realistic and often

Anticyclone

2005-02-23T06:01:00.000-08:00

Any large wind system occurring in regions outside the equatorial belt and rotating about a centre of high atmospheric pressure clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern. Its flow is the reverse of that of a cyclone (q.v.).

Telescope, X-ray telescopes

2005-02-23T02:06:00.000-08:00

The X-ray telescope is used to examine the shorter-wavelength region of the electromagnetic spectrum adjacent to the ultraviolet region. The design of this type of telescope must be radically different from that of a conventional reflector. Since X-ray photons have so much energy, they would pass right through the mirror of a standard reflector. X rays must be bounced

Wang Hui

2005-02-21T20:33:00.000-08:00

Wade-Giles romanization Wang Hui probably the paramount member of the group of Chinese painters known as the Four Wangs (including Wang Shimin, 1592–1680, Wang Jian, 1598–1677, and Wang Yuanqi, 1642–1715), who represented the so-called “orthodox school” of painting in the Ming and early Qing periods. The orthodox school was based upon the dicta laid down by Dong Qichang (1555–1636). It was “orthodox” in the Confucian

Detaille, édouard

2005-02-21T15:39:00.000-08:00

Detaille studied with Ernest Meissonier and employed a technique of literal exactitude based on that of his teacher. Detaille developed a wide knowledge of military detail, which made his work an important source for the study of late-19th-century

Bradley, F(rancis) H(erbert)

2005-02-21T04:07:00.000-08:00

Elected to a fellowship at Merton College, Oxford, in 1870, Bradley soon became ill with a kidney disease that made him a semi-invalid

Korfanty, Wojciech

2005-02-21T00:08:00.000-08:00

The son of a miner, Korfanty became a journalist and a member of the secret nationalist society “Z,” which resisted Germany's attempt to Germanize

Aphrodisias

2005-02-20T20:15:00.000-08:00

Ancient city of the Caria region of southwestern Asia Minor (Anatolia, or modern Turkey), situated on a plateau south of the Maeander River (modern Büyük Menderes). Remains of an Ionic temple of Aphrodite and of a stadium and portions of a bathhouse have long been evident, but, beginning in 1961, excavations revealed such structures as a theatre, an odeon, a basilica, a market,

Ancient Greek Civilization

2005-02-20T04:01:00.000-08:00

The period following Mycenaean civilization, which ended in about 1200 BC, to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC. It was a period of political, philosophical, artistic, and scientific achievements that formed a legacy with unparalleled influence on Western civilization.

Pigment

2005-02-19T19:10:00.000-08:00

Pigments are insoluble and are applied not as solutions but as finely ground solid particles mixed with a liquid. In general, the same pigments are employed in oil- and water-based paints, printing inks, and plastics. Pigments may be organic (i.e., contain carbon) or inorganic.

Cromwell, Henry

2005-02-19T05:41:00.000-08:00

Cromwell studied at Cambridge University and Gray's Inn, London. During part of the English Civil Wars he served under his father in the Parliamentary army in England and Ireland. Henry became major general of the English forces

Ca River

2005-02-18T03:38:00.000-08:00

Vietnamese Song Ca, also called Lam Giang, river rising in the Loi Mountains of Laos and flowing southeastward through northern Vietnam to enter the Gulf of Tonkin near the city of Vinh after a course of 380 miles (612 km). The coastal riverine lowlands have relief features similar to those of the Red River; wide, level stretches of alluvium predominate with small undulation. There is a high population density in the

Kublai Khan

2005-02-18T01:29:00.000-08:00

Kublai also spelled Khubilai , or Kubla Mongolian general and statesman, grandson of Genghis Khan. He conquered China and became the first emperor of its Yüan, or Mongol, dynasty. He was thus at one and the same time the overlord of all the Mongol dominions—which included areas as diverse as that of the Golden Horde in southern Russia, the Il-Khanate of Persia, and the steppe heartlands where Mongol princes

Gradus

2005-02-17T04:39:00.000-08:00

A dictionary of Greek or Latin prosody and poetic phrases used as an aid in the writing of verse in Greek or Latin. The term is derived from the Gradus ad Parnassum (“A Step to Parnassus”), a 17th-century prosody dictionary long used in British schools.

Literature, Netherlandic.

2005-02-17T00:34:00.000-08:00

Literary critic and poet Kester Freriks, commenting on the nominees for the VSB prize for poetry for 1997, lamented, "Dutch poetry doesn't sing anymore." In the place of melody we find a degree of cerebral grind that makes many poems inaccessible to many readers. Freriks evaluated the work of the nominees Elisabeth Eybers with her bilingual Tydverdryf/Pastime, Gerrit Kouwenaar,

Coldstream

2005-02-16T15:05:00.000-08:00

Small burgh (town) in the Scottish Borders council area, historic county of Berwickshire, Scotland. It is situated at a fording place on the River Tweed on the border with England. Flodden, a battlefield (1513) where the Scots were badly defeated by the English, lies 6 miles (10 km) southeast, in England. Coldstream is associated with the famous British Coldstream Guards regiment;

Mughal Dynasty

2005-02-16T02:20:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Mogul , Arabic Mongol Muslim dynasty that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. The Mughal dynasty was notable for about two centuries of effective rule over much of India, for the ability of its rulers, who through seven generations maintained a record of unusual talent, and for its administrative organization. A further distinction was the attempt of the

Venosa

2005-02-15T22:54:00.000-08:00

Latin Venusia, town and episcopal see, Potenza provincia, Basilicata regione, southern Italy. It is situated on the lower slope of Mount Vulcano, north of Potenza. Originally a settlement of the Lucanians (an ancient Italic tribe), it was taken by the Romans after the Samnite Wars (291 BC); from its position on the Appian Way it became an important Roman garrison town. The poet Horace was born

Termite

2005-02-15T18:07:00.000-08:00

Any of the cellulose-eating social insects that constitute the order Isoptera. Although they are referred to popularly as white ants, they are not closely related to ants, which are grouped with bees and wasps in a higher order of insects, the Hymenoptera. The social system of termites shows remarkable parallels with those of the Hymenoptera,

West Allis

2005-02-14T16:42:00.000-08:00

City, western suburb of Milwaukee, Milwaukee county, southeastern Wisconsin, U.S. Settlement began in 1880 when a station was established there by the Chicago and North Western Railway and named North Greenfield. It was renamed West Allis in 1902 when the Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company, manufacturers of heavy machinery, purchased a site of 100 acres (40 hectares) near the village

Heisenberg, Werner

2005-02-14T08:45:00.000-08:00

In full Werner Karl Heisenberg German physicist and philosopher who discovered a way to formulate quantum mechanics in terms of matrices (1925). For that discovery, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for 1932. In 1927 he published his indeterminacy, or uncertainty, principle, upon which he built his philosophy and for which he is best known. He also made important contributions

Epicharmus

2005-02-14T08:23:00.000-08:00

Many of

Durant

2005-02-13T05:58:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1907) of Bryan county, southern Oklahoma, U.S., in the Red River valley, a few miles north of the Texas border. Settled about 1870 and named for a well-known Choctaw family, the city grew steadily after the arrival of the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad in 1872. Durant developed as a service centre for a diversified farming area, and in 1909 Southeastern State Normal (teacher-training)

Aztec Ruins National Monument

2005-02-12T08:15:00.000-08:00

Archaeological site in northwestern New Mexico, U.S., on the Animas River, just north of the city of Aztec. The national monument was established in 1923 and has an area of 0.5 square mile (1.3 square km). The site, mistakenly called Aztec by early white settlers, actually contains the excavated ruins of a 12th-century Pueblo Indian town built of masonry and timber. Many Indian artifacts

Caucasian Languages, Vocabulary

2005-02-12T06:52:00.000-08:00

The original vocabulary of the North Caucasian languages has been fairly well preserved in the modern languages, although many words have been borrowed from Arabic (through Islam), the Turkic languages, and Persian. There are also loanwords that have been taken from the neighbouring languages (Georgian, Ossetic). Russian, which was a major influence from the late 19th

Ringed Seal

2005-02-12T02:35:00.000-08:00

(species Pusa, or Phoca, hispida), nonmigratory, earless seal (family Phocidae) of North Polar seas and a few freshwater lakes in Europe and on Baffin Island. Named for the characteristic pale rings on its grayish or yellowish coat, the ringed seal grows to about 1.5 m (5 feet) in length and 90 kg (200 pounds) in weight. It lives near the pack ice and feeds on crustaceans, mollusks, and some

Abdulla, Muhammed Said

2005-02-11T11:08:00.000-08:00

Abdulla, after completing his formal education, began his career as an inspector in the Colonial Health Department. After 10 years there, however, he decided to become a journalist. In 1948 he was made editor of the newspaper Zanzibari, and during the next decade he also

Onomatopoeia

2005-02-10T11:53:00.000-08:00

The naming of a thing or action by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it (such as buzz or hiss). Onomatopoeia may also refer to the use of words whose sound suggests the sense. This occurs frequently in poetry, where a line of verse can express a characteristic of the thing being portrayed. In the following lines from Sylvia Plath's poem “Daddy,” the rhythm of the

LoudHospital

Switzerland, Vegetation

Lancaster

Ta-li

Turner, Frederick Jackson

Chandernagore

Shenute

Augsburg, Peace Of

Saint Albans, Henry Jermyn, Earl Of, 1st Baron Jermyn Of Saint Edmundsbury

Nicephorus Iii Botaneiates

Spanish Language

Accentual-syllabic Verse

Man-chou-li

Wright, Warren

China, The history of the Chou (1111255 BC)

Theatre, Western, Commedia dell'arte

Gabon

Bolívar, Simón

Permafrost, Active wedges, inactive wedges, and ice-wedge casts

Rakshasa

Gurung

Internationale, L'

Meinong, Alexius

Pietro Da Cortona,

Gtor-ma

Chiapas Highlands

Rowan, Andrew Summers

Mountain

Typology

Jackson

Aquinas, Thomas, Saint

Wolfe, James

Moral Theology

Todos Os Santos Bay

Potresov, Aleksandr Nikolayevich

Bloch, Robert Albert

Eagle Owl

Tibet, Agriculture and forestry

Resonance

Aliphatic Compound

Mabillon, Jean

Biblical Literature, The succession of Solomon to the throne

France, History Of, Foreign policy and financial crisis

Mason, Daniel Gregory

Atlantic Charter

Viedma

Schaeffer, Claude-frédéric-armand

Tábor

Gundulic, Ivan (franov)

Kagu

Yoccoz, Jean-christophe

Permafrost, Active wedges, inactive wedges, and ice-wedge casts

Bess Beetle

Sawhaj

Peter I

Neustadt An Der Weinstrasse

Protestantism, Germany

Cloud Rat

Sosa, Sammy

Neustadt An Der Weinstrasse

Cinna, Gaius Helvius

Kuba

Zingarelli, Nicola Antonio

Babism

Arts, Central Asian, Social role of music

Theft

Swarthmore

Mclachlan, Alexander

Palate

Ciné-club

Lévi, Sylvain

Fish Poisoning

France, History Of, Recovery and reunification, 142983

Bearden, Romare (howard)

Anticyclone

Telescope, X-ray telescopes

Wang Hui

Detaille, édouard

Bradley, F(rancis) H(erbert)

Korfanty, Wojciech

China, The history of the Chou (1111255 BC)

France, History Of, Recovery and reunification, 142983